Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: An electrostatic encapsulation strategy to motivate 3D-printed polyelectrolyte scaffolds for repair of osteoporotic bone defects

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.12.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histological and immunofluorescence analysis of bone defect regeneration in OBD rats treated with APS@P scaffold. A) Representative images of H&E staining depicting the defect area across different treatment groups; B) Representative immunofluorescence staining images showing RANKL expression in each group, with green fluorescence indicating RANKL-positive expression; C) Representative immunofluorescence staining images demonstrating OCN and RUNX2 expression in each group, where green fluorescence indicates OCN-positive expression and red fluorescence indicates Runx2-positive expression; D) Representative immunofluorescence staining images illustrating CD31 and Endomucin expression in each group, with green fluorescence indicating CD31-positive expression and red fluorescence indicating Endomucin-positive expression. Yellow fluorescence indicates overlap of CD31 and Endomucin, highlighting the presence of osteogenic type H vessels. E) Quantitative analysis of RANKL expression by immunofluorescence is provided for each group; F) Quantitative analysis of OCN and RUNX2 protein expression by immunofluorescence is provided for each group; G) Quantitative analysis of CD31, Endomucin, and CD31 & Endomucin overlap expression by immunofluorescence across groups. Statistical significance was defined as ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 indicates statistical significance. Number of samples n = 6.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies for OCN (1:100, 29697, Signalway Antibody, USA), Runx2 (1:100, ab76956, Abcam, UK), RANKL (1:100, 41789, Signalway Antibody, USA), CD31 (1:100, ab222783, Abcam, UK), and Endomucin (1:100, sc-65495, Santa cruz biotechnology, USA) were prepared in a diluent buffer.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Fluorescence

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: An electrostatic encapsulation strategy to motivate 3D-printed polyelectrolyte scaffolds for repair of osteoporotic bone defects

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.12.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: Potential mechanism of APS@P scaffold treatment for OBD. The APS@P scaffold integrates SAB-BTL within an alginate/ε-polylysine scaffold, allowing for sustained drug release, targeted delivery, drug protection, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The therapeutic mechanism of APS@P in treating OBD involves several key processes: 1. Osteogenic Differentiation, APS@P promotes the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by activating the Tph2/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis. This activation leads to the upregulation of osteogenic biomarkers, including Alp , Ocn , Runx2 , and Osterix . 2. Angiogenesis Promotion, the scaffold enhances angiogenesis through increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor ( Vegf ) and erythropoietin ( Epo ). Additionally, it stimulates the formation of type H vessels, marked by co-expression of CD31 and endomucin, which are crucial for bone regeneration. 3. Inhibition of Bone Resorption, APS@P suppresses RANKL-mediated bone resorption, a key process in maintaining bone mass. These combined actions create a favorable microenvironment that restores bone homeostasis and promotes bone regeneration in OBD.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies for OCN (1:100, 29697, Signalway Antibody, USA), Runx2 (1:100, ab76956, Abcam, UK), RANKL (1:100, 41789, Signalway Antibody, USA), CD31 (1:100, ab222783, Abcam, UK), and Endomucin (1:100, sc-65495, Santa cruz biotechnology, USA) were prepared in a diluent buffer.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Inhibition